While studying at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, Kalina Newmark was tasked with to studying a non-English language as the final assignment in her social linguistics course. She took a risk in choosing an English dialect, and it paid off.
SA国际影视传媒淲e actually decided to study Native people and how they spoke English and proposed this project to our professor, who was absolutely gung-ho about it,SA国际影视传媒� said Newmark, a Tulita Dene woman who grew up between Tuktoyaktuk and B.C.
The project would take Newmark and her project partner, Nacole Walker, a Lakota woman from Standing Rock, Dakota, to top sociolinguistics conferences around the U.S., culminated in their research being printed in one of the top sociolinguistics journals.
Sociolinguistics looks at how language develops in different cultural and social contexts.
To start, Newmark and Walker interviewed Indigenous students at their school. They were looking for slang, different tones of speaking and lilts of conversation, senses of humourSA国际影视传媒攚hatSA国际影视传媒檚 called, in the U.S. the SA国际影视传媒渞ez accent.SA国际影视传媒�
Dartmouth College, now an Ivy League institution, was founded on the principle of educating Indigenous students, said Newmark, but it wasnSA国际影视传媒檛 until the 1970s that any substantial Indigenous student population existed there. Since then, many people from different Indigenous groups around North America have begun to attend the school.
To get a perspective from the non-academic world, Newmark went to Tulita and Yellowknife to interview her family members.
In the case of peoples with the mother tongue of Slavey, the musical lilt of the Indigenous language accent carries over into the way many people in those communities speak English, she saidSA国际影视传媒攅ven if the people donSA国际影视传媒檛 speak Slavey as their first language. As well, some people speak with a sentence structure that mimics the structure of Slavey rather than English, said Newmark.
They divided the speakers into three types: people who speak this dialect in all aspects of their lives; those who speak like this only in certain scenariosSA国际影视传媒攕ay, with other people from their community or when they are joking around; and people who donSA国际影视传媒檛 speak in the dialect at all.
Newmark herself doesnSA国际影视传媒檛 bear the traits of this dialect when she is attending school and working, but her professor, in reviewing her interviews from back home, pointed out she herself fell into it with her family membersSA国际影视传媒攚hich she didnSA国际影视传媒檛 even realize.
Their research theorized how the dialects came about, and why many of them bear similarities, from North to south. One had to do with residential schools.
SA国际影视传媒淟ike in Inuvik, at Grollier Hall, you had Dene people from the Sahtu region or even Aklavik with the GwichSA国际影视传媒檌n people, and then youSA国际影视传媒檝e got Inuvialuit from Tuktoyaktuk or Paulatuk coming together,SA国际影视传媒� says Newmark.
These people were all learning English together and speaking together, whether English was their first or second language.
As well, forced government relocations mixed peoples together, bringing in different language influences. Intermarriage and SA国际影视传媒渢he pow-wow circuit,SA国际影视传媒� where indigenous peoples come together for common events, may also have influenced language.
Newmark says that even if the slang is different, many Indigenous people she spoke to were able to joke around with her based on common experienceSA国际影视传媒攕o much of their lives have been affected by government policy, and through persevering and reclaiming their Indigenous identities.
In the end, Newmark and her research partner were invited to a student conference at McGill University in Montreal, and then national sociolinguistics conferences in San Antonio and Chicago. They were given a $90,000 grant to conduct their studies with the results published in a leading journal, Language in Society.
SA国际影视传媒淩ight now our hope is that other people take this [research] onSA国际影视传媒攅specially Indigenous people,SA国际影视传媒� said Newmark, who is attending the University of Michigan now to pursue a Masters in Business Administration.
SA国际影视传媒淚 think thereSA国际影视传媒檚 power in having Indigenous people involved in leading this type of work, because we are the experts and we do have a lot of knowledge that hasnSA国际影视传媒檛 been recognized in academia. And so weSA国际影视传媒檙e happy that at least weSA国际影视传媒檝e provided a foundation for other Indigenous scholars to take on this work.SA国际影视传媒�
Newmark says she was happy for the opportunity to do this work, which has its roots in her Northern and First Nations communities.
SA国际影视传媒淢y ultimate goal is to be successful in business but also find ways to continue to give back to the North or First Nations communities, professionally or personally,SA国际影视传媒� says Newmark.
